           ***** U.S.G.S. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS *****
                           (1992)
1)  Coordinates in the United States can be determined with 
    the use of a US Geological Map. (A LORAN-C System may also be 
    used if you have access to one.  See your local boat dealer 
    for details.) 

2)  Information on these maps is available from:
                     US Geological Survey
                     Washington D.C. 20242 
    Or, call the Earth Science Center @ 1-800-872-6277 
                                        1-800-USA-MAPS
3)  Maps can be ordered from:

                     Map Distribution
                     U.S. Geological Survey
                     Box 25286, Federal Center
                     Denver, Colorado 80225  

    Checks for map orders should be payable to: 
              Department of the Interior - USGS

    The cost is $2.50 each.  Add $1.00 for postage and handling if 
    order is less than $10.00.  These maps are also available at 
    many local book and sporting goods stores.   

4)  The most common U.S.G.S Topographical Map is 7.5 X 7.5 
    Minutes.  The standard scale is 1:24,000.  Some states,
    including Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and
    Vermont, also have 1:25,000 maps that use metric units.

5)  The scale is 1" = 2,000 feet for 1:24,000 maps and 
    1 cm = 0.25 km for 1:25,000 maps. 

6)  Orthophotoquads are also available for many of the standard
    quadrangles along the East Coast.  These are multicolored,
    distortion free, photographic image maps produced from aerial
    photographs.  They have no contours and include only minimal
    cartographic treatment.

=================================================================

     ***** REFERENCE CODES FOR 7.5 MINUTE SERIES MAPS *****

         SAMPLE REFERENCE CODE: 41072-H1-TF-024
                   DESIGNATION: AA BB CC DE FFF

DESIGNATION   CODE       
    AA         41    41 Degrees Latitude  (Quadrangle Minimum)
    BB         72    72 Degrees Longitude (Quadrangle Minimum)
    CC         H1    Location within 1 X 1 Degree Square based 
                     on an 8 X 8 Grid.
     D          T    Type of map.  T is for Topographical.
     E          F    Unit of measurement.  F is for Feet.  M is
                     for Metric.
     F        024    Map Scale.  024 is for 1 : 24,000.  025 is
                     for 1 : 25,000

          ***** GRID SQUARE & OTHER DIMENSIONS *****

1 Deg. Lat. = 69.05 mi./ 111.12 km/ 60.00 n-mi.
1 Deg. Long. @ 42 Degrees Lat. = 51.31 mi./ 82.58 km/ 44.59 n-mi.
0.001 Degree @ 42 Degrees Lat. = 365 ft Lat. & 271 ft Long.
1 Minute @ 42 Degrees Lat. = 6,076 ft Lat. & 4,515 ft Long.
1 Second @ 42 Degrees Lat. = 101 ft Lat. & 75 ft Long.

NOTES: 1) Each Grid Square is 1 Deg. Lat. X 2 Deg. Long. or
          69.05 mi. Lat. X 102.62 mi. Long. @ 42 Deg. Lat.
       2) Each Sub-square is 2.5 Min. Lat. X 5 Min. Long.  This
          is approximately 3 X 4 miles or 2.88 mi. Lat. X  4.28 
          mi. Long @ 42 Deg. Lat. (See Jan. 1983 QST pp 49 - 50) 

=================================================================    
          ***** COORDINATES FOR W1AW/ W1INF *****

Newington            41.715N  72.728W    W1AW/ W1INF
=================================================================

          ***** DISTANCE & AREA CONVERSIONS *****       

1 km = 15,625/ 25,146 mi. (exact) = 0.621371192237 mi.
1 mi. = 25,146/ 15,625 km (exact) = 1.609344 km

1 n-mi. = 1.852 km (exact)
1 km = 1/ 1.852 n-mi. (exact) = 0.539956803456 n-mi.

1 mi. = 50,292/ 57,875 n-mi. (exact) = 0.868976241901 n-mi.
1 n-mi. = 57,875/ 50,292 mi. (exact) = 1.15077944802 mi.
 
1 n-mi. = 2,315,000/ 381 ft. (exact) = 6,076.11548556 ft.
1 km = 1,250,000/ 381 ft. (exact) = 3,280.83989501 ft.
1 Acre = 43,560 square feet (exact)

NOTES: 1) 1 n-mi. is equal to 1 minute of latitude.
       2) The distance between the Equator and a Pole is 
          approximately 10,000,000 meters. (The original 
          measurements were slightly in error and the standard 
          meter has also has changed slightly.  It is not exact.)

NOTE: 1) Angle above Horizon = Arctan (Delta Elevation/ Distance)
      2) Great Circle distances and headings are calculated by: 

               cos D = sin A sin B + cos A cos B cos L
               cos C = sin B - sin A cos D/ cos A sin D

  Where: A = Your latitude in degrees.
         B = Latitude of other station in degrees.
         L = Your Long - other Long (algebraic difference).  
         D = Path distance in degrees of arc.
         C = True bearing from North if sin L is positive. If 
             sin L is negative, then true bearing is 360 - C.
                    
                    (From ARRL Operator's Manual)

